-
1 Ackermann, Rudolph
[br]b. 20 April 1764 Stolberg, Saxonyd. 30 March 1834 Finchley, London, England[br]German-born fine-art publisher and bookseller, noted for his arrangement of the steering of the front wheels of horse-drawn carriages, which is still used in automobiles today.[br]Ackermann's father was a coachbuilder and harness-maker who in 1775 moved to Schneeberg. Rudolph was educated there and later entered his father's workshop for a short time. He visited Dresden, among other towns in Germany, and was resident in Paris for a short time, but eventually settled in London. For the first ten years of his life there he was employed in making designs for many of the leading coach builders. His steering-gear consisted of an arrangement of the track arms on the stub axles and their connection by the track rod in such a way that the inner wheel moved through a greater angle than the outer one, so giving approximately true rolling of the wheels in cornering. A necessary condition for this is that, in the plan view, the point of intersection of the axes of all the wheels must be at a point which always lies on the projection of the rear axle. In addition, the front wheels are inclined to bring the line of contact of the front wheels under the line of the pivots, about which they turn when cornering. This mechanism was not entirely new, having been proposed for windmill carriages in 1714 by Du Quet, but it was brought into prominence by Ackermann and so has come to bear his name.In 1801 he patented a method of rendering paper, cloth and other materials waterproof and set up a factory in Chelsea for that purpose. He was one of the first private persons to light his business premises with gas. He also devoted some time to a patent for movable carriage axles between 1818 and 1820. In 1805 he was put in charge of the preparation of the funeral car for Lord Nelson.Most of his life and endeavours were devoted to fine-art printing and publishing. He was responsible for the introduction into England of lithography as a fine art: it had first been introduced as a mechanical process in 1801, but was mainly used for copying until Ackermann took it up in 1817, setting up a press and engaging the services of a number of prominent artists, including W.H.Pyne, W.Combe, Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson. In 1819 he published an English translation of J.A.Senefelder's A Complete Course of Lithography, illustrated with lithographic plates from his press. He was much involved in charitable works for widows, children and wounded soldiers after the war of 1814. In 1830 he suffered "an attack of paralysis" which left him unable to continue in business. He died four years later and was buried at St Clement Danes.[br]BibliographyHis fine-art publications are numerous and well known, and include the following:The Microcosm of London University of Oxford University of Cambridge The ThamesFurther ReadingAubrey F.Burstall, "A history of mechanical engineering", Dictionary of National Biography.IMcN
См. также в других словарях:
lithography — lithographic /lith euh graf ik/, lithographical, adj. lithographically, adv. /li thog reuh fee/, n. 1. the art or process of producing a picture, writing, or the like, on a flat, specially prepared stone, with some greasy or oily substance, and… … Universalium
Chromolithography — This article is about the print making method. For the Felipe Alfau novel, see Felipe Alfau. Folding Card, The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883 … Wikipedia
History of printing — The history of printing began as an attempt to make easier and reduce the cost of reproducing multiple copies of documents, fabrics, wall papers and so on. Printing streamlined the process of communication, and contributed to the development of… … Wikipedia
Alois Senefelder — Infobox Engineer image width = 250px caption = Lithograph of Senefelder, from Specimens of Polyautography . name = Alois Senefelder nationality = Austrian birth date = 6 November 1771 birth place = Prague death date = 26 February 1834 death place … Wikipedia
Senefelder, Alois — ▪ German lithographer Alois also spelled Aloys born Nov. 6, 1771, Prague died Feb. 26, 1834, Munich German inventor of lithography. The son of an actor at the Theatre Royal in Prague, Senefelder was unable to continue his studies at the… … Universalium
Watercolor painting — For other uses, see Watercolors (disambiguation). An artist working on a watercolor using a round brush Watercolor (US) or watercolour (UK and Commonwealth), also aquarelle from French, is a painting method. A watercolor is the … Wikipedia
printing — /prin ting/, n. 1. the art, process, or business of producing books, newspapers, etc., by impression from movable types, plates, etc. 2. the act of a person or thing that prints. 3. words, symbols, etc., in printed form. 4. printed material. 5.… … Universalium
printmaking — /print may king/, n. the art or technique of making prints, esp. as practiced in engraving, etching, drypoint, woodcut or serigraphy. [1925 30; PRINT + MAKING] * * * Art form consisting of the production of images, usually on paper but… … Universalium
arts, East Asian — Introduction music and visual and performing arts of China, Korea, and Japan. The literatures of these countries are covered in the articles Chinese literature, Korean literature, and Japanese literature. Some studies of East Asia… … Universalium
Microelectromechanical systems — (MEMS) (also written as micro electro mechanical, MicroElectroMechanical or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems) is the technology of very small mechanical devices driven by electricity; it merges at the nano scale into… … Wikipedia
Cooper Union — Coordinates: 40°43′45″N 73°59′26″W / 40.72927°N 73.99058°W / 40.72927; 73.99058 … Wikipedia
